Carbide alloys suitable for cutting tools and wear parts

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to refractory metal bonded carbide alloys for use as cutting tools and in other applications where high hardness and abrasion resistance are required. The desired finegrain, lamellar microstructure is obtained preferably by casting eutectic, or near-eutectic composition alloys of a Group IVa metal (titanium, zirconium, hafnium), tungsten and carbon which may contain certain alloying and inert materials. For selected applications, the composites may be fabricated by powdermetallurgical techniques.

United States Patent Ru y Dec. 18, 1973 CARBIDE ALLOYS SUITABLE FOR CUTTING TOOLS AND WEAR PARTS Primary Examiner-4... Dewayne Rutledge Assistant Examiner-E. L. Weise [75] Inventor. Erwin Rudy, Beaverton, Oreg. y C. Jacobs [73] Assignee: Aerojet-General Corporation, El

Monte, Calif.

[22] Filed. Sept. 7, 1972 [5 R CT [21] Appl. No.: 287,143

Related US. Application Data This invention relates to refractory metal bonded car- [63] Continuation-impart of Ser., No. 802,625, Feb. 26. b l y for use as cutting tools and in other appli- 1969, P 3. 909 1 cations Where high hardness and abrasion resistance" are required. The desired fine-grain, lamellar micro- 52 us. c1. 75/176, 75/134 F, 75/134 v, structure is Obtained preferably y Casting eutectic, or 75/175 5, 75/177 near-eutectic composition alloys of a Group lVa metal [51 1m. (:1. 0220 27/00, C22C 29/00 (titanium, zirconium, hafnium), tungsten and carbon [58 Field of Search 75/176, 134 F, 134 v, which y contain certain alloying and inert materi- 75/175 5 177 als. For selected applications, the composites may be fabricated by powder-metallurgical techniques. [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS l/l97l Foster et a]. 75/134 F 5 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures PATENTED DEC] 81975 SHEEI 10F 4 FIG: 2.

PAIENTEUUECI 81973 3,779,745

sum a nr 4 Fig. 3

COMMERCIAL 0-2 (CARBOLOY 883) COMMERCIAL C-5O (CARBOLOY 370) STANDARD ALLOY R2 Ti-Hf-W-C (20.5-25-52-25 A1,

FLANK WEAR, MILS STANDARD ALLOY R1 Ti-Zr-W-C (205- 25-52-25 At.

CUTTING TIME, MINUTES PAIENIEU DEC 1 81975 SHEET 3 BF 4 A0420 v 005W w C u m ATOMIC TUNGSTEN w PMENIEDBEmmm 3,779,745

sum m (if 4 Fig. 5

ATOMIC /0 TUNGSTEN CARBIDE ALLOYS SUITABLE FOR CUTTING TOOLS AND WEAR PARTS This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application of Erwin Rudy Ser. No. 802,625, filed Feb. 26, 1969, Pat. No. 3,690,962, issued Sept. 12, 1972.

DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART Modern carbide tooling materials consists of a mechanically-pulverized, hard carbide phase dispersed in a matrix (binder) of an iron group metal, usually cobalt or nickel. The binder phase contributes toughness to the composite and also serves as an aid in sintering the carbide particles. The loss of strength of iron metal based binder phases at relatively low temperatures can cause thermal wear to become the dominant wear mechanism at high cutting speeds. The low melting temperatures of these binder phases also preclude their use as abrasion-resistant composites at temperature above 800C. to l,OC.

Binderless, cast carbides such as W C WC eutec- 2 spersed primary carbide grains significantly improve the cutting action of the composite when employed as a machining tool.

The carbide alloys of the invention are made possible by the existence of a pesudobinary eutectic (see Table l) in the systems of Ti-W-C, ZrW-C, and Hf-- W-C. The solidification of the eutectic liquid provides a refractory metal phase and a monocarbide phase that are in solid state two-phase equilibria. The co-existence of the metal phase and the monocarbide phase in the solid state microstructure is necessary to the concept of the metal-bonded carbide tool of the invention. The occurrence of eutectic or near-eutectic-composition reactions provides the means by which the desired microstructure, which possesses an extremely fine-grain, lamellar mixture of metal and monocarbide phases, can be obtained by melting and casting.

Table I shows the exact eutectic compositions and the compositions of the coexisting component phases of each of the three respective eutectics in the Ti- -W-C, ZrW-C, and the l-lf-W-C systems.

TABLE I. DATA FOR THE PSEUDOBINARY EUTECTIC EQUILIBRIA IN THE SYSTEMS OF Ti-W-C, Zr-W-C, AND Hf-W-C Compositions (In atomic percent) Eutectic temperature Metal solid solution Monocarbidesolid solution Alloy system (C) Eutectic liquid (approximate) (approximate) Ti-W-C 2700 Ti( 2l)W( 57)-C 2 2 Ti(8)-W(92)-C( 0.5) Ti(28)-W(33)C(39l 2850 Zr()-W(55)-C(20)* Zr(3)-W(97)-C( 0.5) Zr(44)-W(l6)-C(40) 2980 Hf(2l)W(6l)-C(l8)* Hf(4)-W(96)-C( l) Hf()-W(20)C(40) Carbon concentrations 1 1 atomic percent, metal concentrations: 2 atomic percent.

tics played a role in the initial development of carbidebased tools and die materials, but became obsolete with the advent of the tougher, cobalt-bonded carbides fabricated by powder-metallurgical techniques.

Despite the attractive features of the casting process, including its adaptability to low cost manufacturing methods and need for only moderate capitalization, castable tooling materials of equivalent performance to the iron group metal bonded carbides were not developed.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The carbide composite materials of this invention have excellent thermal and mechanical shock resistance compared to the conventional cobalt-bonded carbide tool. This is achieved through the formation of a fine-grain, lamellar microstructure having a hard monocarbide phase and a tough refractory metal phase.

The carbide composite of this invention, in a preferred embodiment, comprises a base alloy system of a Group lVa metal (Ti, Zr or Hf), tungsten and carbon having a fine-grain, lamellar microstructure which is derived from a pseudobinary eutectic or near-eutectic composition. The lamellar microstructure possesses a monocarbide cutting phase and a metal phase with the latter phase being rich in tungsten and contributing toughness to the composite. The monocarbide phase contains significant amounts of both the tungsten and the Group lVa metal. In a preferred embodiment (hypereutectic composition) of the carbide composite of the invention, grains of primary carbide are dispersed throughout the lamellar microstructure. The inter- Alloy compositions from the Ti-W-C systems, even when they are located somewhat away from the eutectic composition, will still solidify almost isothermally and thus produce acceptable micro-structures closely resembling those of the true eutectics. Hence, there is in this alloy system, considerable latitude in varying the properties of the composites by changing the overall composition of the alloys without losing castability or changing the basic morphology of the cast structure derived from the pseudobinary eutectic or near-eutectic reaction.

There is considerably less freedom in varying the compositions of the Zr-WC and HfW--C alloy systems, and in both of the latter systems it has been found that solidification occurs over a relatively wide temperature range when the compositions are located more than approximately 10 atomic percent to the zirconium or hafnium side away from the pseudobinary eutectic. Hence, the microstructure of the latter two systems, if provided with too much zirconium or hafnium, will have a coarser grain structure and the composites will be less suitable for cutting tool applications.

Other advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed descriptions and drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph of a typical Group lVa metal (in this instance titanium)-tungsten-carbon composition system which contains (Ti(2l)-W(5- 7)C(22) in atomic percents) taken at a magnifica tion of 1000X;

FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph at a magnification of 5 00X of another Group IVa metal-tungsten-carbon system of somewhat different composition namely (Ti(2- 3 3)W(52)--C(25) atomic percent) wherein there are grains of primary carbide dispersed throughout the lamellar microstructure;

FIG. 3 is a graph presenting typical comparative wear curves obtained in turning Type 347 stainless steel with the cast alloy tools prepared according to the invention and with top grade C2 and C50 type commercial carbide tools.

FIG. 4 is a compositional ternary diagram showing desired composition areas for TiWC base alloys of the invention; and

FIG. 5 is a compositional ternary diagram showing desired composition areas for ZrW-C and I-If- W-C base alloys of the invention.

The carbide composites of the invention are preferably prepared by melting and casting to produce the fine-grain, lamellar micro-structure of monocarbide phase and refractory metal phase formed through solidification of an eutectic or near-eutectic-composition liquid. A typical fine-grain lamellar microstructure of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 where the metal is dark and the carbide light. The photomicrograph of that figure, while showing a titanium-tungsten-carbon system, is typical of the lamellar microstructure of all three base alloy systems, i.e., TiWC, I-If-W-C, and ZrW-C of the invention.

For carbide cutting tool applications it has been found desirable to have grains of primary carbide dispersed throughout the lamellar microstructure as seen in FIG. 2. The photomicrographs of the hafnium and zirconium systems show similr microstructures to those of FIGS. 1 and 2. The presence of the grains of primary carbide in the lamellar structure significantly improve the use of the carbide composite for machine tool cutting purposes.

The ternary diagrams of FIGS. 4 and 5 depict base alloy compositions suitable for producing the carbide composites of the invention. Referring to FIG. 4, which is concerned with titanium-tungsten-carbon base alloys, it is seen that the preferred compositions fall within the inner hatched area E, F, G, H. The larger area A, B, C, D includes compositions of generally less suitable composites, but which are acceptable for some applications. Similarly, the inner hatched area of E, F, G, H of FIG. 5 dpicts the more desirable compositions of either the hafnium or zirconium systems. The larger enclosed area A, B, C, D includes composites generally less suitable, but still of a useful nature. The lamellar microstructures of the preferred areas E, F, G, H of FIGS. 4 and 5 include grains of primary carbide dispersed throughout the microstructure. These primary carbide grains enhance the cutting characteristics of the composites when used in machine tools. However, too much of the primary carbide grains promotes chipping of the machine tool. Compositions falling within the general areas A, B, C, D graphically above the preferred areas E, F, G, H will have some tendency to chip. Such is tolerable for some machine tool applications and not objectionable at all for other applications where high hardness and abrasive resistance are required. Below the preferred areas E, F, G, H of FIGS. 4 and 5 but within the area A, B, C, D there is a tendency for primary metal grains to form within the lamellar micro-structure. Primary metal lessens the value of the carbide composite when used as cutting tools. To the right of the preferred areas E, F, G, H of both FIGS. 4 and 5 and within the general areas A, B, C, D there is a tendency for subcarbide grains to form within the lamellar micro-structure. Subcarbides are less hard than monocarbides and, therefore, less suitable for machining applications. The inner hatched areas E, F, G, H of FIGS. 4 and 5 contain the primary carbide grains in desired amounts for most machine tool purposes.

Melting and casting, plasma-arc spraying, as well as powder-metallurgical methods have been employed in preparing metal and monocarbide composites based on the alloy systems TiW-C, Zr-W-C, and l-If- W-C of the invention. Melting followed by casting into chilled molds has produced composites with the best mechanical properties and performance for cutting tool purposes. Experience indicates that skull melting, a technique using either a nonconsumable (tungsten) or a consumable electrode, is the most efficient and reliable method for obtaining the melts needed for casting. Melting of the charges in resistively or inductively heated graphite containers has been proven feasible for TiWC base alloys, although care has to be exercised to avoid excessive carbon pick-up upon prolonged exposure of the alloys to hypereutectic temperatures. Continuous melting of presinerted compacts in the field of an eddy-current concentrator, or resistance heating and melting of alloy charges in an arrangement where the container is formed by a solidified portion of the alloy to be melted, appear to be promising techniques.

Centrifugal casting of the melt is preferable to casting techniques employing stationary molds, because the former casting techniques minimize the problems associated with the formation of shrinkage pipes and, as the result of the high casting speeds, allows complex parts to be cast to shape.

Other uses of the alloys of the invention are many including hard facings for plows, bulldozer blades, bearings, and for penetrator cores for armor-piercing projectiles. Because of their relatively low neutron capture cross section, alloys containing zirconium, and based on the ZrW-C combination, are thought to find possible use in nuclear applications. In ceratin instances where small amounts of Titanium, Hafnium, or both, in quarternary or higher order combinations such as (Zr, Ti)-WC, (Zr, I-If)WC or (Zr,I-If,Ti)--WC are tolerable, multi-Group IVametal containing alloys may be more economical, or may be utilized when an increase in hardness is desired in spite of the increased neutron capture cross section.

Application of hard facings to various shaped objects by plasma melting and spraying of the powdered alloys of the invention, has been proven feasible. The plasmaarc spraying technique further holds promise for preparing extremely rapid chilled, and thus very-finegrained, alloying powders, which then can be consolidated into shapes by powder-metallurgical techniques.

It is importaNt in whatever manner of fabrication which is employed that the eutectic or near-eutectic liquid phase be rapidly cooled in order to assure the formation of the fine-grained, lamellar microstructure of the invention.

Dense bodies can also be prepared from powdered material by hot pressing, and also by cold pressing followed by sintering, preferably with the addition of sintering aids. The powders may comprise the desired carbides and metals. The iron group metals or their alloys, as well as manganese and cooper-containing alloys, may be used as sintering aids. Among these ,nickel or nickel-iron alloys seem to afford the best properties in terms of toughness and shock-resistance, but as cutting tools, the sintered materials are inferior to the cast alloys.

ALLOYING OF THE GROUP lVa METAL (Ti, Zr, and Hf)-WC BASE ALLOYS OF THE INVENTION The ternary alloys from all three base systems of the invention can be extensively modified by alloying additions of other metals.

Alloying possibilities were determined by preparing cutting tools and using these on type 347 stainless steel. However, the observations are applicable to the composites in general.

l. Ti--W-C base tools had the best cutting performance in terms of tool life. The optimum composition in this base system lies at, or near, the composition Ti- WC(235225 atomic percent) which is slightly hypereutectic. Hypoeutectic alloys located to the tungsten side of the pseudobinary eutectic have slightly higher wear rates than the optimum composition, but also have somewhat higher edge-stability and cracking resistance, alloys located to the titanium side of the eutectic have good wear characteristics, but tend toward chip-welding at high cutting speeds; alloys with more than 28 atomic percent carbon are hypoeutectic, contain primary metal-phase, and are subject to high wear.

2. Tungsten may be partially replaced by molybdemum and or Rhenium (for instance, up to 20 atomic percent of the base alloy system) without impairing strength or abrasion resistance of the composite. Small quantities of chromium (up to atomic percent of the base alloy system) also may be substituted for tungsten, but larger quantities result in embrittlement of the composites. In certain embodiments for certain useages all of the tungsten may be replaced by its alloying substituents. It must be remembered however, that in any substitution, the fundamental system must be maintained, namely the three elemental groups titanium and its alloying materials, tungsten and or its alloying substituents and carbon of the system. The same is true for the hafnium based systems and the zirconium based systems.

3. The Group lVa metals (Ti, Hf, and Zr) may be interchanged for each other in any ratio in their respective base alloy systems, for most purposes. Low level alloying (l to 5 atomic percent) of the TiW -C system with Zr or Hf increases the tool life in comparison with unsubstituted base alloys, still higher concentra tions of I-If or Zr result in a graidual drop-off of cutting performance to the levels observed for ternary Zr-- W-C or Hf-WC alloys. Generally speaking, the Hf or Zr will not be substituted in an amount in excess of atomic percent of the Ti in the base alloy TiWC system. Ti generally is not substituted in a Zr based system over 20 atomic percent for the Zr.

More typically, the alloying Group IVa metal or metals Hf and Zr will comprise not more than 5 atomic percent of the base alloy TiWC system. However, in a Zrl'If, and in a I-If-Zr based system a 50:50 ratio of these metals as the Group lVa metal component would not be uncommon. The l to 5 At. percent alloying substitutions of Zirconium or Hafnium, or mixtures of these two elements for Titanium in TiWC base alloys significantly improve cutting tool wear resistance as well as abrasion resistance of these composites in other applications such as hard facings for plows, bulldozer blades, bearings and dies. It is believed that the small Zirconium or I-Iafnium additions reduce the friction between cutting tool and work piece leading to lower cutting temperature which results in greater tool life and improved overall performance; similarly, advantages in the economics of facings, bearings and dies are to be expected with the utilization of these Zirconium or Hafnium containing TiWC composites by virtue of the improved abrasion resistance. In addition, these small Zirconium or Hafnium additions are believed to function as grain refiners of the TiWC base alloy microstructure, presumably contributing to the overall strength of the composites.

4. Substitution of Group Va metals, such as vanadium for tungsten or titanium in quantities up to 10 atomic percent of the base alloy system may be made. In the composites this decreases the cracking sensitivity, but somewhat impairs abrasion resistnace. In a cutting tool the addition impairs performance and edge strength.

Up to 5 atomic percent of such Group Va metals as niobium and tantalum, each alone or in combination, can be added to replace the Group lVa metal. Edge chipping in a cutting tool is increased if the noibiumtantalum addition is greater than 5 atomic percent. Such additions up to and over 5 atomic percent may improve cratering and chip-welding characteristics in cutting tools. Overall, the addition of Group Va metals in quantites of more than 5 atomic percent (preferably, not more than 2 atomic percent) is not recommended for Vanadium, Niobium or Tantalum.

5. No significant change in cutting performance was observed upon substituting up to 10 atomic percent rhenium for tungsten. Substitution of rhenium up to 20 atomic percent for tungsten appears acceptable.

6. Low level additions of iron group metals (Co, Ni, Fe), of manganese and copper, and of rare earch metals in quantities less than 3 atomic percent of the carbide composite of the invention were found to be es sentially inert, i.e., to have little or no effect on the physical and mechanical characterictis of the composites.

7. Eutectic, or slightly hypereutectic, ZrWC and l-IfWC based alloys are tougher than TiWC based alloys, but were found to have higher wear-rates in cutting tool applications.

The base alloy systems of the invention including the added amount of cutting tool performance improving alloying metals will typically comprise at least atomic percent of the carbide composite. Generally speaking, the atomic percent age of inerts is held to less than 3 to 5 atomic percent of the carbide composite.

The refractory metal phase of the lamcllar microstructure of the invention will typically have a melting point around 2,700C which is a decided improvement over the l,400C melting temperature of the conventional cobalt cutting tool.

The rate of cooling of the alloy of the invention during its fabrication determines grain size. Desirably, cooling is accomplished at a rate of at least 20C per second to obtain a generally fine grain. Cooling at a slower rate gives a product with a coarser grain. Preferably, cooling is performed at a rate of more than 30per second.

Preliminary test results indicate transverse rupture strength levels for the cast Ti--WC eutectic structure in the range of from 220,000 psi and extending to above 350,000 psi, depending upon fabrication conditions.

The majority of tests has been carried out in studying the performance of the alloys as cutting tools in straight turning of cylindrical test bars on a LeBlonde machineability lathe. For these tests, the carbide alloys were either machined into inserts suitable for clamping in standard tool holders, or more or less irregular shaped bits were brazed onto steel tool holders and then ground on a KO. Lee diamond grinder to the desired geometry. The test material consisted of annealed 347 stainless steel in the form of 3 inch diameter X l8 inch long cylindrical bars. The surface was removed to a depth of 0.050 inch prior to testing the experimental alloys. In the standard test, the steel was cut at 400 surface feet per minute (sfm), using a depth of cut of 50 mils and a feed of 10 mils per revolution. The tool geometry for the standard test was as follows: back rake, side rake, side relief, 5; end relief, 5;'side clearance end angle, 25.

A number of representative commercial cutting were evaluated under machineability test conditions described above. In addition to the examples below, a selected list of additional tests is contained in Table II, Infra.

FIG. 3 graphically depicts the comparative wear curves obtained in the turning of Type 347 stainless steel with the cast alloy tools prepared according to the invention and with top grade C-2 and C-50 type commercial carbides. It will be seen that the cast alloyed tools of the invention have equivalent wear resistance to the top grade wear resistant C-50 tools. In addition, it has been shown that the tools of the invention have equivalent toughness to that of the C-2 tools. Therefore, the cast tools of the invention combine the best qualities of the tough C-2 tools and the wear resistant C-50 tools.

EXAMPLE I A button of an alloy Ti-W-C (19-58-23 atomic percent) was prepared by arc melting in a nonconsumable electrode arc furnace under helium at A atmosphere pressure; the melt was allowed to solidify on the water-cooled copper hearth. Metallographic examination of the alloy showed very small amounts of primary monocarbide grains in an eutectic lamellar matrix. The average lamellae width of the eutectic structure was about one micron. The hardness was R, 86. The tool was brazed onto a mild steel tool holder, ground to the standard tool geometry,, and tested in turning 347 stainless steel with the standard conditions outlined above. The tool life, based on a flank wear of 0.016 inch was 45 minutes; the tool showed local wear (crater) of 0.028 inch at the end of the cutting flank.

EXAMPLE II An alloy TiZr-WC (20.5-2.5-52-25 atomic percent) (standard alloy R1 in FIG. 3) was prepared in the same way as the sample described under Example I. The composite had a hardness of R, 87, and the metallographic examination showed small amounts of primary monocarbide in an eutectic matrix (substantially identical to the microstructure shown in photomicrograph of FIG. 2). The average lamellae width of the eutectic was about 0.4 microns. The heterogenous matrix of the photomicrograph of FIG. 2 is an eutectic of metal plus carbide, and the white or light islands are primary carbide. A uniform wera rate of 0.07 mils per minute was derived from a 40-minute turning test of 347 stainless steel with aforesaid standard conditions, yielding an extrpolated tool life of minutes (0.016

inch flank werar). Cratering of the tool after 40 minutes cutting time was negligible.

EXAMPLE III An are cast alloy I-If-W-C (27-51-22 atomic percent) containing a small amount of primary carbide grains in addition to the eutectic lamellar microstructure was prepared. Tool life in the standard test on 347 stainless steel was 15 minutes, with the tool showing negligible cratering or edge wear at the end of the test.

EXAMPLE IV The alloy cited under Example II and another are cast alloy TiHf-W- C 20.5-2.5-52-25 atomic percent) were tested for edge stability by gradually increasing the feeds while maintaining a surface speed of 400 feet/min. and a cutting depth of 0.050 inch. Both tools performed reliably at feeds up to 0.05. inch per revolution. At still higher feeds, the tool edges showed signs of chipping.

EXAMPLE V The behavior of the cast carbide tooling materials at high depth of cut were established in another test run using the same alloys as listed under Example IV with a cutting speed of 400 sfm (surface feet per minute). A constant cutting depth of A inch was maintained in the experiments, while the feed was gradually increased, starting at 0.005 inch per revolution. No breakdown occurred at feeds up to 0.030 inch/rem, after which the experiment had to be stopped for lack of lathe power.

EXAMPLE VI EXAMPLE VII A composite tool was fabricated by facing one edge of an M.-2 tool steel insert with a 0.080 inch wide X 0.20 inch long X 0.050 inch thick platelet of the cast standard alloy R1, Ti-Zr-W-C (20.5-2.5-52-25 atomic percent). The carbide tip was attached to the steel insert by brazing. The performance of this composite tool under the standard test condition on 347 stainless steel was found to be the same as the solid carbide inserts; however, as a result of the lower thermal conductivity of the tool steel base compared to the cast carbide alloys, higher tip temperatures, and, as a consequence, higher wear rates were observed on the composite insert as the total load on the tool was increased by either increasing the depth of cut or the feed.

TABLE 11 Selected List of Test Data Obtained from Cast Ti(Zr,Hf)-W-C Alloy, and From Commercial C-2 and C50 Grade Carbide Cutting Tools, in Turning Type 5 347 Stainless Steel Alloy Composition.

Atomic Percent W T W, T Remarks Ti(26)-W(5l)-C(23 5 3 0.14 65 slight welding tendency Ti(2l )-W(56)-C(23) 4 4 0.25 65 Ti(20)-W(55)-C(25) 3 3 0.13 110 Ti(23) W(52)-C(25) 3 5 0.]6 75 Ti(26)-W(49)-C(25j 4 6 0.09 I60 Ti(25)-W(48)-C(27) 4 5 0.06160 slight chipping tendency is Ti(22)-W(5l )-C-27 4 4 0.10 llO Ti(23.5)-Zr(2.5)-W(49)-C(25) 4 5 0.07 160 Ti( 17.5)-Zr(2.5)-W(55)-C(25) 4 4 0.16 75 Ti(20.5)-Zr(2.5)-W52)-C(25) 4 8 0.07190 alloy Rl Ti(2().5)-Hf(2.5)W(52)-C(25) 5 8 0.08130 alloy R2 Ti(23)-Ta(2.5)-W(5I.5)C(23) 7 5 0.19 65 slight chipping 2O tendency Hf(22)-W(60)C( l8) 6 5 0.44 25 Hf(25) W(55)-C(2()) 4 4 0.25 50 Hf(25)-W(48) C(27) 4 4 0.25 50 Zr(25)-W(55)-C(20) 7 4 0.70 Zr(28)-W(47)-C(28) 6 5 0.30 40 Commerical Alloys Carboloy 370 (C-50 Type) 3 3 008 I60 Carboloy 883 (C-2 Type) l.l0 l0 Legend:

W Break-in wear, mils T Breakin time, minutes W Uniform wear rate, mils per minute T,, Extrapolated tool life in minutes for 0.0l6inch wear 30 Data shown are for specific heats of stainless steel. Results will vary from heat to heat for stainless steels of the same specification, comparativc ranking will remain as shown.

What is claimed is: l. A cast carbide quaternary composition of the elemental formula:

which consists essentially of Titanium, Zirconium, Tungsten, and Carbon wherein a is the At. percent of Ti b is the At. of Zr q is the At.% of C when the fraction a/(a+b) is equal to or greater than and 5O when the fraction a/(a+b) is less than k the balance being W when a/(a+b) is equal to, greater than, or less than 2. A cast carbide quaternary composition of the elemental formula:

q is the atomic percentage of C wherein 15 E q 5 30 the balance being tungsten.

3. A cast carbide composition of a higher order than quaternary of the elemental formula:

which consists essentially of at least Titanium, Zirconium, Tungsten and Carbon wherein a is the atomic percentage of Titanium b is the atomic percentage of Zirconium q is the atomic percentage of Carbon X is at least 1 element selected from the group consisting of Molybdenum and Rhenium, said X being present in the range of from 0 to about 20 At. percent; Cr is present in the range of from O to about 10 At.

percent R is at least 1 element selected from the group consisting of Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum, said R being present in the range of from O to about 5 At. percent, wherein when the fraction a/(a+b) is equal to V2 or greater than A and 15 a+b 5 4O when the fraction a/(a+b) is less than /2 the balance being w when a/a+b is equal to, greater than, or less than /2; the balance being tungsten.

4. A cast carbide composition ofa higher order than quarternary of the elemental formula:

which consists essentially of at least Hafnium, Zirconium, Tungsten and Carbon, wherein a At. percent of Hf b At. percent of Zr q At. percent of C X is at least 1 element selected from the group con sisting of Molybdenum and Rhenium, said X being present in the range of from 0 to about 20 At. percent; Cr is present in the range of from 0 to about 10 At.

percent; R is at least 1 element selected from the group consisting of Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum, said R being present in the range of from O to about 5 At. percent and wherein l5 a+b 40 At.% 15 5 q 30 At.% the balance being tungsten. 5. A cast carbide quaternary composition of the elemental formula wherein Ti is present at about 20.5 atomic percent Zr is present at about 2.5 atomic percent W is present at about 52 atomic percent C is present at about 25 atomic percent.

t t i 

2. A cast carbide quaternary composition of the elemental formula: ((Hfa)(Zrb))-W-(Cq) which consists essentially of Hafnium, Zirconium, Tungsten, and Carbon wherein a is the atomic percentage of Hf b is the atomic percentage of Zr q is the atomic percentage of C wherein 15 < or = a+b < or = 40 15 < or = q < or = 30 the balance being tungsten.
 3. A cast carbide composition of a higher order than quaternary of the elemental formula: ((Tia)(Zrb))-((W)(X)(Cr)(R)) -Cq which consists essentially of at least Titanium, Zirconium, Tungsten and Carbon wherein a is the atomic percentage of Titanium b is the atomic percentage of Zirconium q is the atomic percentage of Carbon X is at least 1 element selected from the group consisting of Molybdenum and Rhenium, said X being present in the range of from 0 to about 20 At. percent; Cr is present in the range of from 0 to about 10 At. percent R is at least 1 element selected from the group consisting of Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum, said R being present in the range of from 0 to about 5 At. percent, wherein 10 < or = a+b < or = 40 20 < or = q < or = 30 when the fraction a/(a+b) is equal to 1/2 or greater than 1/2 and 15 < or = a+b < or = 40 15 < or = q < or = 30 when the fraction a/(a+b) is less than 1/2 the balance being w when a/a+b is equal to, greater than, or less than 1/2 ; the balance being tungsten. -
 4. A cast carbide composition of a higher order than quarternary of the elemental formula: ((Hfa)(Zrb)) - ((W)(X)(Cr)(R)) - Cq which consists essentially of at least Hafnium, Zirconium, Tungsten and Carbon, wherein a At. percent of Hf b At. percent of Zr q At. percent of C X is at least 1 element selected from the group consisting of Molybdenum and Rhenium, said X being present in the range of from 0 to about 20 At. percent; Cr is present in the range of from 0 to about 10 At. percent; R is at least 1 element selected from the group consisting of Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum, said R being present in the range of from 0 to about 5 At. percent and wherein 15 < or = a+b < or = 40 At.% 15 < or = q < or = 30 At.% the balance being tungsten.
 5. A cast carbide quaternary composition of the elemental formula Ti-Zr-W-C wherein Ti is present at about 20.5 atomic percent Zr is present at about 2.5 atomic percent W is present at about 52 atomic percent C is present at about 25 atomic percent. 